Good Night, and good luck Chuck Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Good Night, and good luck Chuck - Movie Review Example Times in America must have been hard at the time. America had an enemy within that was causing the people a lot of fear. Everyone suspected the person next to them of being the enemy. People suspected of being communists had to bear serious charges; sometimes courts need no evidence to declare suspects guilty. Some people made false charges of others that were used to bring them down. This movie takes the viewer back to the times a cold war existed between America and the Soviet Union, when every American was afraid they would lose to the soviet nation. According to ideas brought about in the movie, the news media has a great responsibility of informing and entertaining the people. As shown in the film, making responsible decisions on what to present or leave out in media stations is not an easy task. Such decisions are subject to criticism by those in power and journalists may suffer serious consequences if they mess up with those thought to be unbeatable in society; the high and mighty. However, one of the journalists and his producer clearly point out that despite the risks involved, journalists should focus on giving the people reliable information. The media should assume responsibility in its endeavors and expose the realities kept in the dark. The media should not lose integrity in fear of politicians who are selfish. Due to their selfish interests, the high and mighty in society always wants to control everything aired on media stations. The media should have the interests of the common citizen at heart. This movie suggests that media should participate actively in exposing the flaws in society. Media should offer more to the people and not just entertainment. Some journalists in this movie are an example worth emulating; they hosted a show that was able to expose the injustices committed in society. Evident in the movie, the media was very

Determining the Concentration of Sulphuric Acid Essay Example for Free

Determining the Concentration of Sulphuric Acid Essay I am going to plan an experiment to determine the accurate concentration of sulphuric acid. It is thought to have the concentration between 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3. I will be provided with a solid base which is anhydrous (powder) sodium carbonate (Na2CO3). To find the accurate concentration I will titrate the sulphuric acid against the sodium carbonate. The reaction following will take place: Na2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na 2 SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l)1 Deciding the Amounts Sulphuric acid has a concentration about 0. 10 moldm-3 (half way between 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3). I would like to use 25cm3 of sulphuric acid. This is because, it is not a wasteful amount and also it would reduce percentage errors because this is quite a large amount to use. It would be an ideal value to use. Furthermore, I will need to make up a standard solution from the solid base that I have been provided with, which is sodium carbonate. I would again ideally like to use 25cm3 of the standard solution per titre. This is because, the pipettes have the reading of 25cm3, which means the pipette is readily, available for this amount, therefore it is a sensible value. Consequently I will need to make up a standard solution of concentration 0.10moldm-3. This is because of the stoichiometry. The equation shows that for every one mole of sulphuric acid, there is one mole of sodium carbonate. Therefore, the concentration must be the same because the volumes are the same and the number of moles are the same. I estimated the concentration of sulphuric acid to be 0.10 moldm-3 because its halfway between the thought amount of 0.05 and 0.15 moldm-3, therefore the concentration of the standard solution must be the same. Deciding what Indicator to Use I need to use an indicator to see when the end point of the titration occurs, and they are used between acid and alkalis. I have decided on using 2-3 drops of methyl orange indicator fin my experiment per titre. This is because; methyl orange indicator gives an accurate indication of the end point using a strong acid (sulphuric acid) and a weak alkali (sodium carbonate). 2 Making up my Standard Solution As I have mentioned before, I want my standard solution to have the concentration of 0.10 moldm-3. I have chosen my volumetric flask to be 250cm3. This is because these volumetric flasks are readily available. In addition, I am aiming to do approximately five titrations, therefore this amount would allow me to do five titrations and have some to spare. I now need to find out how much sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) is needed to make a standard solution of concentration 0.10 moldm-3. I need to use the equation: Number of moles = concentration (moldm-3) x volume(dm3)3 n = c x v The volume is 250cm3 so I need to divide this by 1000 so that it converts into dm3. Number of moles = 0.10(moldm-3) x 0.25 (dm3) Number of moles = 0.025 moles Therefore, 0.025 moles id required for the standard solution, nevertheless, I now need to convert this into grams by using the equation: Number of moles = Mass (g) / Molar mass(gmol-1)4 Mass (g) = Number of moles x Molar mass(gmol-1) Molar mass for Na2CO3 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16 x 3) = 106gmol-1 Mass (g) = 0.025 x 106 = 2.65g Therefore, 2.650g of sodium carbonate is required for my standard solution. My experiment The apparatus I am going to use are as follows: * Burette * Conical flask * Volumetric flask * Rubber ball pipette filler * Distilled water * Beakers * Filter funnel * Teat pipette * Tile * Sulphuric acid * Sodium Carbonate * Scales * Spatula * Weighing bottle * Glass rod * Stand * Clamp * Methyl orange indicator Plan of Experiment 1. Prepare apparatus. 2. Weigh a weighing bottle accurately. Using a spatula, transfer 2.650g of sodium carbonate to the weighing bottle and weigh again. 3. Tip the contents of the weighing bottle into a clean 250cm3 beaker and reweigh the empty weighing bottle to find the weight by difference. This way I can work out the actual weight of sodium carbonate that has been transferred. 4. Add 50cm3 of distilled water to the solid and stir using a glass rod until dissolved. Transfer this solution into a volumetric flask using a funnel. Make up the graduation mark with distilled water using a teat pipette to ensure you so not overshoot it. This is now the standard solution. 5. Put a stopper on the flask and invert it about 20 times to make sure all the solution is mixed. 6. Using pipette filler, pipette 25.0cm3 of the solution into a clean conical flask. 7. Clean the burette out with distilled water and then again with sulphuric acid. Attach the burette to the stand, and fill the burette using a funnel with sulphuric acid. 8. Add methyl orange indicator to the conical flash only about 2-3 drops. Put the conical flask onto a white tile so the colour change is easy to see when titrating. 9. Titrate the solution until you reach the end point (when the solution turns orange), and record your results. I am going to use this as a rough titre. 10. Repeat this to obtain concordant results, concordant meaning results that are similar usually results which are in 0.1cm3 of each other. Risk Assessment Chemical Name Form Used Safety Statement Precautions Sulphuric Acid 0.05-0.15 moldm-3 Irritant Wear eye protection and gloves. Wear a lab coat. If spilt on skin dry with a cloth and then wash with water. If spilt dry with cloth and then scrub using water. If it gets it contact with eyes wash them with water thoroughly. 6 Sodium Carbonate Solid and at 0.10 moldm-3 Irritant, but if dust gets in eyes its harmful. Wear safety goggles, gloves and also protective clothing. If in contact with eyes wash quickly with clean water. If spilt on skin wash intensely. If inhaled move to an area of fresh air. If spilt anywhere scoop as much as possible up. 5 Methyl Orange Indicator 2-3 drops Irritant Wear safety goggles, gloves and also protective clothing. If spilt, clean it up using a cloth and water. If gets in contact with skin wash the area thoroughly. If enters eyes wash with clean water. 6 Why my plan will Devise Reliable results My plan will devise reliable result because of many reasons. Firstly I am going to do a rough titre in my plan, which means I will have a rough idea of my titration, so when I do my real results I know when to add it drop wise, so that I wont overshoot the end point. Another reason why I wont overshoot the end point is because I am going to use a white tile so I can judge the end point more accurately. Furthermore, I am only going to add 2 or 3 drops of methyl orange indicator. This will make my results more reliable because the methyl orange indicator is slightly acidic, so it would use up the alkaline solution, therefore by only adding a small amount of it will make my results more reliable and accurate. In addition, I am also going to wash my equipment out thoroughly with distilled water and then with the solution I am going to put that piece of equipment. This will remove any impurities that were originally in the containers so will make my results more reliable. Also, when I am measuring the solution, I will measure accurately by using a pipette to make sure the bottom of the meniscus is on the line to make my results more accurate. Also, when reading the burette I will put a piece of plain paper behind so I can read it more accurately. I will also, remember to take the funnel out of my burette as this could also affect the accuracy of my results. This is because drops are still on the funnel could enter my burette which mean more sulphuric acid affecting my results. This way by removing the funnel, I will achieve accurate results. 7 Finally, I am going to use accurate equipment as possible, which will minimise errors in my results. Overall my results will be very accurate and reliable! References 1. Article on types of chemical reactions, http://www.sky-web.net/science/reaction-types. I used this to help me write my balanced equation for the reaction between sodium carbonate and sulphuric acid. 2. Information on the use of indicators in acid-alkali titrations, salters practical assessment. I used this to decide what indicator to use as it told me what to use if I had a strong acid and weak alkali. 3. Chemical ideas, 2nd edition, chapter 1, section 1.5, concentrations of solutions, published by Heinemann 2000. I used this to get the concentration equation. 4. Power point presentation on moles and concentration, http://moodle.kedst.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=4556. This helped me find the formulas for concentration and to find out the mass. 5. Safety data sheet, http://www.brunnermond.com/products/sodium_carb. I used this source to find out the safety statement of sodium carbonate and the precautions I will need to take. 6. Hazard cards, numbers 98 and 32, Cleapps 1998 and 2003. I used these to find out the safety statement and also the precaution I will need to take when doing my experiment for methyl orange indicator and sulphuric acid. 7. Skills for Salters as Chemistry, pages 3,4,6,7 and 29, chemistry department, 2007. I used this to see how I will use my equipment and use it accurately, giving me accurate results. Analysis I made up my standard solution by firstly weighing out some sodium carbonate. I weighed the weighing bottle and added approximately 2.65g of sodium carbonate. I then transferred the sodium carbonate to a beaker and reweighed the weighing bottle, so I can therefore work out exactly how much sodium carbonate I transferred. Mass of weighing bottle and sodium carbonate = 57.732g Mass of weighing bottle after transfer of sodium carbonate = 55.052g Consequently the accurate amount of sodium carbonate transferred is the mass of the weighing bottle and the sodium carbonate, minus the mass of the weighing bottle after the transfer which is: 57.932g 55.052g = 2.680g Therefore, 2.680g of sodium carbonate was transferred. Next I added about 50cm3 of water to the beaker and using a glass rod I stirred the solution until the sodium carbonate has dissolved. This was then fully transferred to a volumetric flask and water was added to the 250cm3 graduation mark. I then used a pipette to transfer 25.00cm3 of this standard solution to a conical flask and titrated with the unknown acid. I used 25.00cm3 of the standard solution for each titre after the experiment; I had obtained results for how much acid was added for each titre. The results for how much acid I added for each titre are as follows: 20.10cm3, 19.85cm3 and 20.05cm3. I am now going to work out an average by picking out the concordant results (results which are in 0.10cm3 of each other) and dividing by how many there is. 20.10cm3+ 20.05cm3/2 = 20.075cm3. Therefore, my average titre was 20.075cm3. Concentration of Sodium Carbonate Solution I am now going to calculate the concentration of the sodium carbonate solution: 2.68g of sodium carbonate was dissolved in a 250cm3 volumetric flask using water, so I need to find out how many moles of the substance I used in order to find out the concentration. Therefore I need to use the equation: Number of Moles= Mass (g)/Molar Mass (gmol-1) Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23 x 2) + 12 + (16 x 3)= 106gmol-1 Number of Moles= 2.680g/ 106gmol-1 Number of Moles= 0.0253moles. Therefore, I used 0.0253 moles in my standard solution. I now need to use the equation to find the concentration: Concentration (moldm-3) = Number of moles/Volume (dm3) I firstly need to convert 250cm3 to dm3 so that my equation works: 1000cm3 = 1dm3 250cm3 = 0.250dm3 (I divided by 1000). Concentration (moldm-3) = 0.0253moles/0.250dm3 Concentration= 0.101moldm-3 Consequently, I have calculated my sodium carbonate standard solution to have a concentration of 0.101moldm-3, rounded to three significant figures. Concentration of acid I am now going to calculate the concentration of the acid solution; therefore I firstly need to find out how many moles there is of the sodium carbonate solution, by using the equation: Concentration of Na2CO3 (moldm-3) x Volume of Na2CO3(dm3) = Number of moles of Na2CO3 0.101moldm-3 x (25/1000) dm3) =0.00253 moles The equation of my reaction is: Na2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + CO2 (g) + H2O(l) This equation shows that the molar ratio of sodium carbonate and sulphuric acid is 1:1 which means is there is 0.00253 moles of sodium carbonate there is 0.00253 moles in sulphuric acid. The average titre as shown above was 20.075cm3, which I need to convert to dm3 which is: 20.075cm3/1000 = 0.0201dm3. I can now use the equation Concentration (moldm-3)= Number of moles/Volume (dm3) Concentration (moldm-3)= 0.0253 / 0.0201 Concentration = 0.126moldm-3. Overall, I conclude that the concentration of the acid solution is 0.126moldm-3.

Causes For The Fall of the Roman Empire :: The Fall of the Roman Empire

What major events led to the eventual decline and fall of the Roman Empire? Categorized between internal and external factors with broad reasoning, doesn’t lend itself to just a few events as the cause for the actual fall. From the internal factors: socio-economic problems and political corruption with the emperors and senate with their selfish, indulgence lifestyles with gladiator games being a major expense from the coffers, moral decline impacted the richest Romans with immorality, various outlandish sexual behaviors, gambling on most any activities and public lewd/sexual acts in the Colosseum. Education became only for the rich and usually only males. The basic standards of ethics and values were lost with total disregard of human and animal life, cheap slave labor lead to major unemployment for the working class plebeians that stressed the continued divide from the rich patricians. From the external factors: Constant wars and heavy military spending, the great Roman army was excessively expensive, over-stretched trying to keep the experienced warriors, recruiting more and more soldiers then turning to hiring mercenaries and barbarians. With the adding of more soldiers from conquered lands, those barbarians became more like Romans after a short time and less able to fight other barbarians from other countries as a result. With the army stretched thin at all the borders, when an issue grew it could become overwhelming quickly as with the Visogoths, once they were allowed to settle on the south side of the Danube, poverty living conditions and starvation led them to attack, then move to sack the city of Rome. Then there were the natural disasters such as famine, earthquakes and plagues. With influx of barbarians and many newcomers from over-run countries, the manifestation of serious sickness, transferring of plagues and lack of consistent medical care perpetu ated all natural disasters many times over.

THE NEW GENDER GAP Essay -- essays research papers

THE NEW GENDER GAP By This article talks about the educational, environmental, and social gap that has been created because girls are becoming a bigger part of the world today. It starts out by discussing a class of 2003 that had voted in their high school leaders. Everyone had voted in a male as senior class president. But after taking office, he quickly instructed all of the female members that he was the one calling all of the shots. Once the girls realized they out numbered the boys, they quickly impeached him and voted in a girl as class president. From the beginning of time women have been told they need to do their job, which was bearing children, taking care of the house as well as tending to their husband. That became an education base for teachers. Except this all changed when women took the place of their husband at work while they went off to war in World War I. A movement started to take place. Soon you started to slowly see women working. Mothers, caregivers, and educators began to make girls see that the opportunities for growth was great, and all they had to do was grab it. With each achievement a woman made, others praised them. The drive for women to succeed only became so great that more emphasis has been put on females, which leave the male gender lacking. It is shown there are 133 girls getting their BAS for every 100 boys, a number that is expected to grow to 142 women 100 men by the year 2010. While girls have better grades, are more thorough in th...

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But, it is not a problem at all from the view of human rights. The author claims that homosexual marriage is neither culturally nor physiologically possible and it is a dead-end street without the cooperation of a third party due to extinction of generation. He satirized that gay marriage is not programmed properly and there are hardware problems as well in cyber language. He explores the question of whether homosexuality is an immutable characteristic because there is no evidence for the claim that homosexuality Is genetic, hormonal or biological from any school of medicine, medical Journal or professional organization.He comments that homosexuals are the richest, most educated and most traveled demographic group although they are few in number. He believes that homosexuality is a behavior-based life-style and presents the 1986 Supreme Court decision of Bowers vs.. Hardwire case for claim that gay marriage is state's public school curriculum and homosexual marriage should be taught to their children as â€Å"abnormally'. To reinforce his views, he insists that churches may resist homosexual weddings and it may be used as a basis for denying them access to all kinds of government programs.And, Catholic churches were singled out by the city and denied aid for providing emergency shelter to the city homeless for resistance against homosexual â€Å"rights† ordinances. Sheldon asserts that â€Å"homosexual marriage† is an oxymoron, unnatural and against our country most basic standards. Finally, he reports that every reputable public opinion poll demonstrates that nearly 8 of every 10 Americans don't accept the pretence of â€Å"homosexual marriage. † Although homosexual marriage is not generational, his claim is narrow view about marriage. The meaning of marriage is not limited on only preserving our species.Everyone has a right to pursue one's happiness through living with a person whom one loved. Also, all mankind has the right to pursue on e's civil liberties. The only action that should be banned from doing is the action that causes harm on someone else, but homosexual marriage does not cause harm in many cases. We need to consider that we could not predicate homosexual to be behavior-based life-style Just because there is no recognition from any school of medicine, medical journal or professional organization that homosexuality is genetic, hormonal or biological.A questionable aspect of this article is that homosexuals are the richest, cost educated and most traveled demographic group. The author should provide evidence to support his views. Another questionable aspect of this article is that homosexuality is not a constitutionally protected right. Homosexuals are the citizens of the United States who phototypesetting's a citizen. They've taxes, obey laws, vote and educate themselves, etc. So, their right should be guaranteed discriminated. According to the article 2 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, everyon e is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration.This indicates that being homosexual should not effect on possessing the right of marriage and having family. His claim has no bases why homosexuality should be taught to children as the â€Å"abnormally' and why churches stopped supporting for providing emergency shelter to city homeless. He looks like worrying that admitting same sex marriage will make homosexuality as kind of a trend and will be spread over people. And, it is questionable why churches used homeless people as sacrifices to against homosexuality. I could not find any relationship between homosexuals and homeless people.In a final shortcoming in the article, the author claims that ‘homosexual marriage' is against our country most basic standard. He should explain in detail what standards are and how ‘homosexual marriage' is against those. Despite these criticism, the author's claim should not be criticized as a witch hunting. Peo ple against homosexuality and people supportive homosexuality Just have different opinions. In my view, more systematic and comprehensive research of this issue is needed including the countries which legalized same-sex marriage before any firm conclusion can be drawn.

The Lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita

The Lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita Here are the lyrics for Christmas Eve by Tatsuro Yamashita in Japanese, with a romaji translation. You can also hear the song, Christmas Eve on Youtube. There is an English version; though the lyrics are not a literal translation of the Japanese version. ã‚ ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€" é› ¨Ã£  ¯Ã¥ ¤Å"æ› ´Ã£ â€˜Ã© Å½Ã£ Å½Ã£  « é› ªÃ£  ¸Ã£  ¨Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£   Ã£â€š Ã£ â€  Silent night, Holy night 㠁 Ã£  £Ã£  ¨Ã¥ â€ºÃ£  ¯Ã¦  ¥Ã£  ªÃ£ â€ž 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£â€š ¤Ã£Æ'â€" Silent night, Holy night Ã¥ ¿Æ'æ · ±Ã£   ç §ËœÃ£â€š Ã£ Å¸Ã¦Æ' ³Ã£ â€ž Ã¥  ¶Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 Ã£ â€ Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£  ªÃ£ â€ž Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã£ Å¡Ã¤ »Å Ã¥ ¤Å"㠁 ªÃ£â€šâ€° è ¨â‚¬Ã£ Ë†Ã£  Ã£ â€ Ã£  ªÃ¦ °â€"㠁Å'㠁â€"㠁Ÿ Silent night, Holy night 㠁 ¾Ã£   Ã¦ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹ Ã¥ â€ºÃ£  ¸Ã£  ®Ã¦Æ' ³Ã£ â€ž Ã¥ ¤Å"㠁 ¸Ã£  ¨Ã©â„¢ Ã£â€šÅ Ã§ ¶Å¡Ã£   è ¡â€"è §â€™Ã£  «Ã£  ¯Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£Æ'„ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ¼ 銀è‰ ²Ã£  ®Ã£  Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€š Ã£   Silent night, Holy night Romaji Translation Ame wa yofukesugi ni yuki e to kawaru darou Silent night, Holy night Kitto kimi wa konai hitorikiri no kurisumasu-ibu Silent night, Holy night Kokoro fukaku himeta omoi kanaeraresoumo nai Kanarazu konya nara iesouna ki ga shita Silent night, Holy night Mada kienokoru kimi e no omoi yoru e to furitsuzuku Machikado niwa kurisumasu-tsurii giniro no kirameki Silent night, Holy night Vocabulary é› ¨ (ame): rain Ã¥ ¤Å"æ› ´Ã£ â€˜ (yofuke): late at night é› ª (yuki): snow Ã¥ ¤â€°Ã£â€š Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kawaru): to change Ã¥ â€º (kimi): you 㠁 ²Ã£  ¨Ã£â€šÅ Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ  (hitorikiri): all by yourself ç §ËœÃ£â€š Ã£ Å¸ (himeta): hidden, secret 㠁‹ã  ªÃ£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kanaeru): to grant, to answer a prayer Ã¥ ¿â€¦Ã£ Å¡ (kanarazu): certainly ä »Å Ã¥ ¤Å" (konya): tonight æ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã¦ ®â€¹Ã£â€šâ€¹ (kienokoru): remain unmelted è ¡â€"è §â€™ (machikado): a street corner 銀è‰ ² (giniro): silver(color) 㠁 Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£â€š Ã£   (kirameki): sparkling, twinkling

Rural Bank of Suares Essays

Rural Bank of Suares Essays Rural Bank of Suares Essay Rural Bank of Suares Essay Group 2 Rural Bank of Suares Case Synthesis: In a stockholders’ meeting of the Rural Bank of Suares (RBS), Peter Arguelles, the bank general manager, proposed that the bank should open another branch in the capital city. However, the stockholders are reluctant with this motion, given that there are branches of the big banks of Manila and already two rural banks in the city. For more than 20 years, the Rural Bank of Suares struggled financially because of the government’s lending program. Point-of-View: For this case, the point-of-view of the stockholders will be used Statement of the Problem: Should the stockholders follow Peter Arguelles and expand to the capital city or should they not? Areas of consideration: First, the banking industry in the late 1990s can be categorized by three major trends: Deregulation, Technological innovation, and Globalization. These trends combined to induce a consolidation in the industry that knew no borders. The mantra heard in corporate boardrooms and analyst conference calls was â€Å"bigger is better. The rationales for this were largely two-fold. On the operational side, banks believed that only by being larger than the competition could they take full advantage of the economies of scale and economies of scope that the technology revolution was offering. Thus, by getting larger banks could reduce their expense ratios and earn a higher net interest margin. On the marketing side of the business, banks also felt that bigger was better. Deregulatio n in the US and elsewhere had made the buzzwords of relationship banking and cross-selling more than academic musings. To bank executives everywhere, these words represented the keys to winning back some of market share banks had been losing to equity markets and other financial intermediaries. Moreover, buying land and constructing a building for the new branch in the city would be too risky for the company since they are not assured of the success of the said expansion. Furthermore, if the expansion failed, it would be easier for the company to retract since they have no properties to consider. Also the company is not yet financially stable and capable enough to be granted the loan to invest for the properties. The cost of land acquisition, building construction, equipment, and fixtures, which is 10. 5 million Php, is very large compared to its annual net income of only two million Php. Another major point in the analysis of this case is the competition of Rural Bank of Suares which are Manila-based banks the two other rural banks in the capital city. Manila bank branches don’t offer small loans. In that sense, RBS can use this to their advantage and cater to specific the loan market. However, the more pressing problem is that RBS shares this specific target market with other rural banks in the capital city. RBS aims to distinguish itself from competition through better service. On another note, the presence of rural banks in the city signifies that they have a profitable business, which bodes well for RBS planning an expansion. An additional point of consideration is the various types of loans that the Bank of Suares had to offer at the time. We see in Exhibit One that most of their revenue came from agricultural loans, comprising approximately 52% of their total income in 1994, as compared to the 7. 6% and 3% from commercial and industrial loans, respectively. Also from 1994 to 1995, revenue from agricultural loans increased by 4,391,810. 96 Php; it is the one that experienced the highest gain out of all the income generating items, and the only one that actually gained income compared to the other two loans. Revenue from commercial and agricultural loans decreased by 69,026. 10 Php and 50,099. 0 Php respectively during the same time period. Alternative courses of action: One option is to expand the bank within the business centre of the city, but to rent instead, therefore without land acquisition and building construction. This provides the flexibility of exit if the expansion fails. RBS could rent until the stockholders feel that their position in the market is already stable. Another option is to expand the bank with in the city, but to wait until the bank is already financially stable. This is also a safe plan, because the bank has just had its first taste of a good year’s profit. They could wait until they’ve gained more capital. While waiting, they can start devising a plan of expansion. Lastly, there is an option not to expand in the urban areas, but focus on the market in Suares. However, according to Peter Arguelles, the market limit in Suares has been reached already. Decision: We recommend that the stockholders postpone their expansion until the bank becomes more financially stable. In the time they use while waiting, RBS should start drafting their plans of expansion to the capital city. This is considerably safe to business and yet, also progressive.

List of Naturally Occurring Elements

List of Naturally Occurring Elements Some elements have been made by man, but do not exist naturally. Have you ever wondered how many elements are found in nature? Of the 118 elements that have been discovered, there are 90 elements that occur in nature in appreciable amounts. Depending who you ask, there are another 4 or 8 elements that occur in nature as a result of radioactive decay of heavier elements. So, the grand total of natural elements is 94 or 98. As new decay schemes are discovered, its likely the number of natural elements will grow. However, these elements will likely be present in trace amounts. There are 80 elements that have at least one stable isotope. The other 38 elements exist only as radioactive isotopes. Several of the radioisotopes instantly decay into a different element. It used to be believed that of the first 92 elements on the periodic table  (1 is hydrogen and 92 is uranium) that 90 elements occur naturally. Technetium (atomic number 43) and promethium (atomic number 61) were synthesized by man before they were identified in nature. List of the Natural Elements Assuming 98 elements can be found, however briefly, in nature, there are 10 found in extremely minute amounts:  technetium, atomic number 43; promethium, number 61; astatine, number 85; francium, number 87; neptunium, number 93; plutonium, number 94; americium, number 95; curium, number 96; berkelium, number 97; and californium, number 98. Here is an alphabetical list of the natural elements: Element Name Symbol Actinium Ac Aluminum Al Antimony Sb Argon Ar Arsenic As Astatine At Barium Ba Beryllium Be Bismuth Bi Boron B Bromine Br Cadmium Cd Calcium Ca Carbon C Cerium Ce Cesium Cs Chlorine Cl Chromium Cr Cobalt Co Copper Cu Dysprosium Dy Erbium Er Europium Eu Fluorine F Francium Fr Gadolinium Gd Gallium Ga Germanium Ge Gold Au Hafnium Hf Helium He Hydrogen H Indium In Iodine I Iridium Ir Iron Fe Krypton Kr Lanthanum La Lead Pb Lithium Li Lutetium Lu Magnesium Mg Manganese Mn Mercury Hg Molybdenum Mo Neodymium Nd Neon Ne Nickel Ni Niobium Nb Nitrogen N Osmium Os Oxygen O Palladium Pd Phosphorus P Platinum Pt Polonium Po Potassium K Promethium Pm Protactinium Pa Radium Ra Radon Rn Rhenium Re Rhodium Rh Rubidium Rb Ruthenium Ru Samarium Sm Scandium Sc Selenium Se Silicon Si Silver Ag Sodium Na Strontium Sr Sulfur S Tantalum Ta Tellurium Te Terbium Tb Thorium Th Thallium Tl Tin Sn Titanium Ti Tungsten W Uranium U Vanadium V Xenon Xe Ytterbium Yb Yttrium Y Zinc Zn Zirconium Zr The elements are detected in stars, nebulas, and supernovae from their spectra. While pretty much the same elements are found on Earth compared to the rest of the universe, the ratios of the elements and their isotopes are different.

COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF TWO ARTICLES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPARATIVE REVIEW OF TWO ARTICLES - Essay Example Censorship and literature Rev Murray John Courtney 1904-1967 was a theologian with a doctorate in sacred theology. He taught Catholic trinitarian theology and was editor of the Jesuit Journal Theological Studies in Queens, New York until his death 1 John Courtney Murray posits that censorship is a compromise between freedom and restraint. Obscenity in the courts: Written one year before the article â€Å"Censorship and literature†,2 the authors Lockhart and McClure 3 narrate how obscenity was being defined by the courts at the time when there was a revival of Puritanism in the United States especially after the Civil War and the World War 1.. After these wars, there was sudden surge of obscene literature in the country that there was public outcry for a newer legislation to contain obscenity in all its forms. The legislation of the time was ineffective without a workable definition of the term obscenity. There were few reported decisions of pre-civil war period on obscene lite rature with some impact on the people who read such literature. The contemporaneous Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter came to be detested as an outright immoral book which degraded literature and encouraged promiscuity. As early as in 1868, a workable definition for obscene was provided by Lord Chief Justice Cockburn, an English jurist that came to be known as Hicklin test following his decision in Regina v Hicklin 4 which said that a material was obscene if the impugned material depraved and corrupted vulnerable individuals coming across that material. Though Hicklin was soon being followed by American courts, this Victorian moral standard was felt out of time by American federal District Judge Learned Hand who suggested that obscenity must be regulated by the Government in accordance with community standard that changed with times. Following Hand’s ruling, American courts started ignoring Hicklin test and it was finally put to rest by a 1933 Ulysses decision5 in which t he judges Hand and Agustus N H of the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that a book was considered obscene by its dominant effect. And the test should be by verifying whether the passages alone depraved the mind of the individuals who has access to that book. The authors of the present article examine the treatment of obscenity under different contexts of â€Å" effects on individual readers† , â€Å"effects on community moral standards†, â€Å"offensiveness†, and â€Å"effect on probable audience† and author’s purpose. The authors question whether censorship’s purpose is only to prevent corrupting and depraving of the minds of the individuals or it is also prevent their behavior influenced by such obscene material. In the absence of judicial answer for this, authors state that there has been no attempt to show that individuals reading obscene books started behaving differently that is inconsistent with the extant moral standards. They insist that co urt have never gone beyond determining that an allegedly obscene book only affected the readers’ thoughts and desires without ever being concerned about the individuals’ behavior or actions after reading an impugned book. Courts’ decisions on obscenity have not taken care to find out what kind of thoughts that individuals are affected with. Courts have not spelt out whether the obscene material induces thoughts on sexual intercourse and whether they are within or

District Budget Comparison Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

District Budget Comparison - Research Paper Example When comparing two Texas school districts- Lubbock Independent School District and Laredo Independent School District- research will show a few similarities and differences among the districts in terms of demographics and budget analysis. All data and research conducted will be derived from the Texas Education Agency Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS) Reports and each district’s Comprehensive Annual Financial Report for the 2010-2011 academic school years. Student Population Student Population by Grades Lubbock Independent School District is located in Lubbock city, Texas in Region 17. According to the AEIS report, Lubbock ISD has 28, 680 students in over fifty schools. The district is composed of 35 elementary schools, 10 middle schools, 4 high schools, and 3 disciplinary alternative education programs. Lubbock ISD has 53.1% of its student population at the elementary level. Local high school enrollment accounts for 25.4% of the student population and the middle scho ol for 21.5%. ... At the elementary level, the district has 57.4% of the student population enrolled. Local high school enrollment accounts for 23.6% of the student population and the middle school for 19.1%. Table 1.1: Student Enrollment by Grade Level Grade Level Laredo ISD Lubbock ISD State Elementary 57.4% 53.1% 50.8% Middle 19.1% 21.5% 21.9% High School 23.6% 24.4% 27.2% Graph 1.1: Student Enrollment by Grade Level Source: TEA, Academic Excellence Indicator System (AEIS), 2010-11. Laredo ISD enrolls more students in the elementary level when compared to Lubbock and State. On the other hand, the proportion of its middle and high school is less than that of Lubbock and state. The proportions of Laredo ISD and those of states are quite similar. Student Population by Ethnicity Laredo ISD has a predominantly set in terms of ethnicity and overall student population, meaning that the student population in general is stable and one sided, compared to other districts with more diversity. Laredo ISD has a dominant Hispanic distribution. Almost 100% percent of the student population is Hispanic. However, Lubbock ISD is a little more diverse in its ethnicity makeup even though Hispanics still dominate. Hispanics enrolled account for 53.9% of the student population, while whites follow with 29.1%. African Americans account for 13.3%, American Indian 0.4%, Asian/Pacific 1.7% and other ethnics 1.6% of the Lubbock ISD student population. Table 1.2: Ethnicity Comparison Ethnicity Laredo ISD Lubbock ISD State African American 0.1% 13.3% 12.9% Hispanic 99.5% 53.9% 50.3% White 0.3% 29.1% 31.2% American Indian 0.0% 0.4% 0.5% Asian/Pacific 0.2% 1.7% 3.5% Others 0.0% 1.6% 1.6% Graph1.2: Ethnicity Comparison

Article Summary + Its Application at an Organization Essay

Article Summary + Its Application at an Organization - Essay Example Because of this study, the authors hope a clearer picture is painted on not only why HR managers might pass on suggestions, but also which practices supported by research do not concern practitioners in the field. The authors also import insights from the Canadian Human Rights Tribunals and how that organization selects individuals to serve on the committee, which is an interesting interdisciplinary attempt to draw on different sources, beyond simply those working in the human resources field. As a result, Simola, Taggar and Smith (2007) emphasize the concept of â€Å"alignment† between practice and theory. The study looked at 329 human resources professionals in a central Canadian province, 301 of whom had completed interviews over the past 12 months prior to the survey. Participants completed a survey that examined six dimensions of interview structure, including job analysis, standardized administration, behavioral questions, training, note taking, and interview panels. HR professions in the study were measured according to a Likert scale on how often they employed such techniques. In addition to comparing the frequency of using particular interviewing techniques with descriptive statistics, the authors regressed perceived interviewing expertise of the practitioners and their preparedness to respond to candidates’ concerns onto the six-dimensional variable of interview structure. Firstly, the research found that Canadian human resources professionals converge with the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal in terms of what interview practices are valued by deviating from professional standards and recommendations of research scholars of employment interviewing. Secondly, human resources professionals do not make much use of standardization despite recommendations from research scholars and more frequent use of the technique by Human Rights Tribunals. Thirdly, both Human Rights Tribunals and interview

Johannes Vermeer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Johannes Vermeer - Essay Example Conservatorsremoved the added paint to restore it to its original size. In the 1660s Vermeer painted pearls in two layers: first a thin, diffused grayish glaze, followed by a thick stroke on top to create a specular highlight. He may have experimented with a camera obscura to achieve these optical effects. Vermeer maintained extraordinary control over his paints, working effectively with both dense impastos and thin glazes. The effect of soft light is achieved through subtle modulations in paint handling. Under high magnification, we can analyze how Vermeer represented light on different surfaces. Click on the three squares for a closer look. The balance traditionally symbolizes justice--after all, to judge is to weigh. With nothing in its pans, it is not quite symmetrical, yet almost at equilibrium. In an exquisite passage of visual poetry, the woman's little finger echoes the horizontal arm of the balance and picture frame. The woman with her blue robe expresses serenity. Her eyes are downcast; her gaze seems to be inward. Golden light falls on her ample belly, further emphasized by a yellow streak. Some contemporary authors speculate that the woman is pregnant, while others conclude that her costume--a short jacket, a bodice, and a thickly padded skirt--reflects a style of dress current in the early to mid-1660s. In the Last Judgment, Christ in majesty judges the souls below in thi

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Macro4M Essay

Macroeconomics and Microeconomics - Macro4M - Essay Example The measure does not reflect the initial purpose as observed by economic policy makers. In that case, the output presented is not the actual output of the nation. In essence, it cannot tell the policy makers whether the economy produced more goods and services since the measure changes with prices and quantity. On the other hand, real GDP is adjusted for inflation or deflation. It measures GDP in constant prices. As a result, economic policy makers are able to identify the changes in the actual production of final goods (Boyes & Melvin, 2010, p.108). Indeed, it measures the quantity of goods and services a nation produces after eliminating the effects of price changes. Unlike nominal GDP which significantly reflects increased prices, real GDP indicates actual changes in the output. Economic policy makers would be more interested in more goods and services than higher prices in order to evaluate the economic status of the country. In fact, it is better to have nominal GDP rise due to higher output than due to higher prices. Economic policy makers want the nominal GDP to increase because of an increase in real GDP. If economic policy makers were to rely on the nominal GDP in determining national output, they would in many cases make ineffective decision. This is because, the large part reflected in the increasing output is as a result of price fluctuations. The actual output devoid of any influence is most important in national policy making. Therefore, they will always consider real GDP to be the reliable determinant of the output in order to make the most appropriate economic decision. Question two Gross domestic production (GDP) and other national income measure have been considered to be inadequate measure of social welfare (Elizabeth & UMAE, 2007, pp.20-25). This is because GDP measures all consumption, government spending and investments within a country plus exports, regardless of the citizenship of the investors or consumers. This measure counts air pollu tion, cigarette advertising as well as ambulances that clear the ways of bloodshed. It counts environmental destruction and the costs created by inhumane behaviors. The measure includes jails and correction facilities for the people who break the law. However, GDP does not include important social measures such as the health of the people, the quality of education, the beauty of culture, the strength of families. It does neither count the integrity of the leaders nor their intelligence. GDP does not measure the courage or wisdom of the people neither does it measure empathy nor devotion of the people. Essentially, GDP is a measure of many things but does not emphasize on the things that make life meaningful. There are conceptual problems noted with using GDP as a measure of social welfare that can be easily eliminated in order to make it a better measure of social welfare. First, the measure can be tailored to register monetary exchanges as well as social exchanges. Second, it shoul d not include commodities that lower social wellbeing such as weaponry and terrorism costs. The measure should place value on social practices like leisure-time and cultural qualities. Most important, GDP must not ignore the distribution of income and wealth within the society. This might include special consideration of the specific areas that can enhance comfortable living of the citizens such as offering employment opportunities.

The Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example The equation that is applied in the calculation of CAPM for the assets is as follows: E(Ri) =RF +?i [E(RM) - RF] Where, E (Ri) = expected return of the ith level. Rf = risk-free return of an asset (such as short-term government securities), ?i = beta coefficient of ith level, and (RM) = Expected return on the market. The main aim of the CAPM model underlies the identification of the market portfolio as the tangency portfolio between supply and demand in balance. However, there are several theoretical limitations that have hindered the operations of the model, in the manner that these limitations will likely cause deviations in the process of applying the model particularly between the reality and the model. These limitations can be broadly classified as: a. Being based entirely on unrealistic assumptions. b. Testing the model’s validity is quite difficult. c. Its betas will not remain stable over a long duration of time. Based on these limitations, the model is accepted to hav ing been based on several assumptions most of which are not realistic. The CAPM model supposes that the investors are always risk-averse hence, are most likely to select the investment portfolios that are efficient, and which will be based on the standard deviation or variance and expected returns of the returns from the assets (Whitman & Diz, 2013.p.85). a. Unrealistic assumptions Based on the unrealistic assumptions, it is also hard to find a security that is risk free. For example, while a highly liquid short term government security may be considered as risk free, it will be unlikely that the government will default on the security. This is because of the inflation rate which is another significant factor that will affect the portfolio’s returns. This is because; a portfolio’s variance or standard deviation is usually assumed to be an adequate measurement for a investment’s risk level, which is normally certified under the assumption of returns being normall y distributed. However, in practice, there are several other risk measures that will play an important role in the determination of an assets’ degree of risk (Pahl, 2009.p.345). The returns on assets, under the CAPM, are required to take the form of a normal distribution model. Consequently, the return on the assets in the real world may be non-normal and irregularly distributed. b. Difficulty in determining the model’s validity Additionally, it is difficult to assess the validity of the model in the testing of returns of assets. This is because most of the model’s assumptions may not be critical as a result of the practical validity of the model. Consequently, this model recognizes that different investors have different abilities for investing hence; the cost of their investments will be largely expected to have an effect on the efficiency of the portfolio. Additionally, since the portfolio markets tend to be frictionless, it is likely expected that there woul d be no transaction costs, taxes and restrictions on the nature of trade offered. However, theoretically, this act as a limitation for this model as frictionless markets may not be in existence in real practice. Consequently, while the model might assume that assets in the market are infinitely divisible to be held or traded on, the best option would be to have the market portfolio include all the opportunities of investment available in the market, and with a market value. As such, it is

Impacts of Immigration on Origin and Host Countries Research Paper

Impacts of Immigration on Origin and Host Countries - Research Paper Example This is because they are likely to move out of their native homes at one point in search of employment or for other reasons thus it is important that they understand the consequences of immigration. Immigration refers to the movement of individuals from their country or region to other countries that they are not native. In most cases, people move to other areas for the purpose of settling permanently. It is usually a result of a number of factors some of which include economic and political reasons, natural disasters or one’s willingness to change the environment. Immigration is also associated with both negative and positive impacts. On one hand, they may fill the workforce gap in the country they might have moved into that may have been created as a result of the aging population especially in the western countries. This is usually the case where Africans move to the western countries. On the other hand, the immigrants may influence the natives negatively by introducing culture in the new environment that could be detrimental to the culture of the country that they will have moved to. Studies indicate that immigration has been found to have negative impacts on the native population. Data 1: Research has shown that the majority of the immigrants consist of the young population that possesses high degrees in different domains. They usually move from their native homes especially those in the developing nations in search of job opportunities in the developed nations. Backing: In the developing nations, there is a little industrialization and thus high unemployment cases due as there is competition for the few jobs available. Individuals then move out of their countries and in turn this causes brain drain. This is because as they move out, the number of elite individuals decreases.

The Capital Asset Pricing Model Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Capital Asset Pricing Model - Essay Example The equation that is applied in the calculation of CAPM for the assets is as follows: E(Ri) =RF +?i [E(RM) - RF] Where, E (Ri) = expected return of the ith level. Rf = risk-free return of an asset (such as short-term government securities), ?i = beta coefficient of ith level, and (RM) = Expected return on the market. The main aim of the CAPM model underlies the identification of the market portfolio as the tangency portfolio between supply and demand in balance. However, there are several theoretical limitations that have hindered the operations of the model, in the manner that these limitations will likely cause deviations in the process of applying the model particularly between the reality and the model. These limitations can be broadly classified as: a. Being based entirely on unrealistic assumptions. b. Testing the model’s validity is quite difficult. c. Its betas will not remain stable over a long duration of time. Based on these limitations, the model is accepted to hav ing been based on several assumptions most of which are not realistic. The CAPM model supposes that the investors are always risk-averse hence, are most likely to select the investment portfolios that are efficient, and which will be based on the standard deviation or variance and expected returns of the returns from the assets (Whitman & Diz, 2013.p.85). a. Unrealistic assumptions Based on the unrealistic assumptions, it is also hard to find a security that is risk free. For example, while a highly liquid short term government security may be considered as risk free, it will be unlikely that the government will default on the security. This is because of the inflation rate which is another significant factor that will affect the portfolio’s returns. This is because; a portfolio’s variance or standard deviation is usually assumed to be an adequate measurement for a investment’s risk level, which is normally certified under the assumption of returns being normall y distributed. However, in practice, there are several other risk measures that will play an important role in the determination of an assets’ degree of risk (Pahl, 2009.p.345). The returns on assets, under the CAPM, are required to take the form of a normal distribution model. Consequently, the return on the assets in the real world may be non-normal and irregularly distributed. b. Difficulty in determining the model’s validity Additionally, it is difficult to assess the validity of the model in the testing of returns of assets. This is because most of the model’s assumptions may not be critical as a result of the practical validity of the model. Consequently, this model recognizes that different investors have different abilities for investing hence; the cost of their investments will be largely expected to have an effect on the efficiency of the portfolio. Additionally, since the portfolio markets tend to be frictionless, it is likely expected that there woul d be no transaction costs, taxes and restrictions on the nature of trade offered. However, theoretically, this act as a limitation for this model as frictionless markets may not be in existence in real practice. Consequently, while the model might assume that assets in the market are infinitely divisible to be held or traded on, the best option would be to have the market portfolio include all the opportunities of investment available in the market, and with a market value. As such, it is

Coping Skill and Lazarus Stress Theory Essay Example for Free

Coping Skill and Lazarus Stress Theory Essay Each individual experiences stress and problem in life. These will serve as measurement to know how emotionally stable individuals are and how they will handle everything that come their way. The ways of coping from stress, anxiety, and problems are the basis of how well-adjusted an individual is. Coping with difficulties of life is hard especially when the situation is complicated. It is a natural reaction that everyone will be experiences at one time or the other. As cited by Luthans (2005), Ivancevich and Matteson see stress as â€Å"the interaction of the individual with the environment†- an adaptive response mediated by individual differences and or psychological process, that is consequences by any eternal (environmental) action, situation or even that places excessive psychological and or physical demand on a person. Stress in college will comes in many forms. You will become essentially responsible for yourself: doing laundry, preparing your own meals, cleaning your own rooms. This will of course in addition to studying hard to achieve good grades. You will also have to deal with peer pressure, dating predicaments and drinking situations. Coping with stress will prove to be a daunting task. Every trying moment that you will encounter in college is only temporary. Coping with stress in college will be part of life, if you can hurdle over your stress, you will surely become as stronger and tougher person. Such that when you will absorb by the workforce, your will be better equipped to face the challenges of your job. Students will deal with stress differently. If you are one of these students who will have a hard time coping with stress, you should not be ashamed to seek the help of others, especially your counsellors who will be there for you for a reason. Stress will seem to be an especially common feature of college student life, particularly at highly competitive colleges and universities. Stress-coping mechanisms are behaviors and thoughts people employ to calm themselves when they will feel upset, angry, overworked, or otherwise overwhelmed by tension. Being under stress will affects your heart rate, blood pressure, mood, and contributes many diseases such as obesity and asthma. Coping mechanisms can be described as the sum total of ways in which we deal with minor to major stress and trauma. Some of these processes are unconscious ones, others are learned behaviour, and still others are skills we consciously master in order to reduce stress, or other intense emotions like depression. Not all coping mechanisms are equally beneficial, and some can actually be very detrimental. One may have various ways of coping with stress, anxiety and problems. Acceptance may be one by which individual wholeheartedly accepts the situation, the persons will learn to understand the things on the way it should. Others, on the other hand, may still look on the good side, putting more attention and emphasis on the things that could be better and would bring better to them. This study will determine what the most prevalent sources of stressors among our students are, and to evaluate the coping mechanisms adopted by them. Background of the Study Stress (2000) is generally defined as the body’s nonspecific response or reaction to demands made on it, or to disturbing events in the environment. It is a process by which we perceive and cope with environmental threats and challenges. Personal environmental events that will cause stress are known as stressors. Therefore, stress is simply defined as emotional disturbances or changes caused by stressors. Stress which promotes and facilities learning is called good stress. An optimal level of stress can enhance learning ability on the other hand; stress which inhibits and suppresses learning is call bad stress. The bad stress must be prevented and avoided. It is noteworthy that the same stressors may be perceived differently by different students, depending on their cultural background, personality traits, experience and coping skills. The purpose of this study is to gather data on the stress prevalence, stressors and coping strategies among second year students of Bachelor of Science in Entrepreneurial Management, hence it will provides valuable information for future study in such students and teachers to understand better about this common problem. The second year students of BSEM are prone to pressure for the reason that they are the last batch of this said degree and because of that they are threatened to study hard, to give a good image and expected to build a better name for their degree. Though college may put you under a lot of stress, most students accept this as a given something one should just learned to deal with. And although work overload is a constant in all schools, many students notice discrepancies among different universities and colleges. Theoretical Framework The study will focus on the stress and coping mechanism among the Second year students of BSEM in regarding to their demographic profile. Coping with stress in college just like any other stress coping mechanism is seeing past the negativity of the moment and embracing the potential for good in it. Numerous theoretical provides sufficient background on the nature of stress individuals encounter and a multiple functions of coping for the optimum development and adjustment. The foremost theories represented in the study are enumerated, (a. ) Systematic Stress: Selye’s Theory, states that stress is a state manifested by a syndrome which consists of all the non-specifically induced changes in a biologic system. (b. Psychological Stress: The Lazarus Theory, states that two concepts are central to any psychological stress theory: appraisal, individual’s evaluation of the significance of what is happening for their well-being, and coping, individual’s efforts in thought and action to manage specific demands. Since its first presentation as a comprehensive theory the Lazarus stress theory has undergone sev eral essential revisions. In the latest version, stress is regarded as a relational concept; stress is not defined as a specific kind of external stimulation or a specific pattern of physiological, behavioral, or subjective reactions. Instead, stress is viewed as a relationship between individuals and their environment. Psychological stress refers to a relationship with the environment that the person appraises as significant for his or her well-being and in which the demands tax or exceed available coping resources. (c. ) Resource Theories of Stress: A Bridge between Systemic and Cognitive Viewpoints. Unlike approaches discussed so far, this theory of stress is not primarily concernedwith factors that create stress, but with resources that preserve well-being in the face of stressful encounters.

Literature Review On Organisational Change Management Essay

Literature Review On Organisational Change Management Essay Part A Organisational Change: Organisational Change is the process by which organizations move from their present state to some desired future state to increase their effectiveness. Characteristically Change is vital if a company wants to avoid stagnation fast and is likely to increase further in the present competitive business Change is understood as doing things differently in order to cope up with emerging changes in the organisation environment. Change in any part of the organisation may affect the whole organisation. Change could be proactive or reactive. A proactive change has necessarily to be planned to attempt to prepare for anticipated future challenges. Generally it is initiated by management. A reactive Change may be an automatic response to a change taking place in the environment (John Lacovini, The human side of Organisation Change, January 1993, Page 35.) Change Management is a structured approach to transitioning individuals, teams and organisations form a current state to a desired future state. Its major objective is to maximize the collective benefits for all people involved in the change and minimise the risk of failure to change. The major obstacle to change management is Resistance to Change. (K.Aswathappa, Organisational Behaviour, 8th revised Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.520) T John Lacovini says, The secret to real success of any organisation is effective management of the emotional vulnerability that accompanies organisational change. Types of Change: Different types of changes require different types of strategies to be implemented for effective functionality. The three types of change that occur most frequently in organisations are Developmental Change Transitional Change Transformational Change Developmental Change: Developmental Change occurs when a company makes an improvement to their current business. If a company decided to improve their processes, methods or performance standards that should be considered as developmental change. Companies are continually processing developmental changes to some degree in order to stay competitive. This type of change should cause little stress to current employees as long as the rationale for the new process is clearly conveyed and the employees are educated to new techniques. When major change such as decision to close a division, streamline the business and organisation downsizing, make developmental changes unacceptable to the employees. The employees could see that the company attempted different strategies before determining that closing the division is the only option. Transitional Change: Transitional Change is more intrusive than developmental change as it replaces existing processes or procedures with something that is completely new to the company. The period when an old process is being dismantled and the new process is being implemented is called transitional phase. A corporate reorganisation, merger, acquisition, creating new products or services and new technologies are examples of Transitional Change. It may not require a significant shift in culture or behaviour but it is more challenging to implementing than a developmental change. The future of the organisation is unknown when the transformation begins which can add a level of discomfort to the employees. (Bernald M. Bass, From Transactional to Transformation Leadership, Training and Development, May 1991 Pages 87-92) The outcome of transitional Change is unknown so employees Amy feel that their job is unstable and their own personal insecurities may increase. Education and orientation at every stage of new process implementation should be commenced in order to employees insecurity. This will make the employees feel comfortable. They will feel engaged and actively involved in change. As the employees level of engagement in new process increase, their resistance to change may decrease. Management should be a cognizant of the impact and stress these changes will have on their employees. The company should continue to inform the employees of their status offer support in helping them deal with the personal adjustments they will be forced to make. Transformational Change: Transformational Change occurs after the transition period. Transformational change may evolve both developmental and transitional change. It is common for transitional and transformational change to occur in tandem. When companies are faced with the emergence of radically different technologies, significant changes in supply and demand, unexpected competition, lack of revenue or other major shifts in how they do business, developmental or transitional change may not offer the company the solution they need to stay competitive. Instead of methodically implementing new processes, the company may be forced to drastically transform itself. (K.Aswathappa, Organisational Behaviour,8th revised Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.525) Part B Resistance to Change: The goal of any planned organisation change is to find a new and improved way of optimal utilisation of resources and capabilities in order to increase an organisations ability to create value and improve returns to its stake holders. Yet employees do not always welcome changes as expected by the organisation. As per the 2007 survey conducted by the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), organisational changes fail majorly due to employee resistance and inadaptability to change. Figure   Reactions to change may take various forms. Active resistance  is the most dangerous factor in change management. Employees with Active Resistance may go against the change effort and object the change in several manners. Boycotting the organisation, tending to disrupting habits and raising slogans against the organisation are some examples for high negative resistance. In the opposite nature,  passive resistance  is calm and doesnt include violence in any aspect. Passive resisters are insecure about their position after change. Instead of clearing their insecurities with the management, they tend to look for a new job and leave the organisation. Compliance, is coping up with the proposed changes with little enthusiasm. Finally, those who show  enthusiastic support  are supporters of change, who understand the value of change and contribute to the effective implementation of change. They are the defenders to organisational resistance and propagate the new way to actually encourage others around them to give support and contribute to the overall change effort. The best example of resistance of employees to change is computerisation. Change requires readjustment. Man always fears the unknown and a change represents the unknown(P Subba Rao, Essentials of Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations, Chapter 12, page 353) Factors causing resistance to change: Fear of Unknown: Such fear is due to uncertainty about the nature of change, feelings that one doesnt know what is going on and what the future holds. Loss of Control: Feeling that the change is being done to the person, worry that one has no say in the situation and events that are taking place. Loss of face: Feeling of embarrassment as a result of change and discerning it in such a way that the things one has done in the past are wrong. Need for Security: Worry about ones potential role after change and fear of losing job after change. Fear of Demotion: Employees may fear that they may be demoted if they do not possess the skills required to do their jobs, after change. Hence they prefer status quo. Loss of Power: Employees in superior cadre may assume that change may eventually result in the loss of their superior power. They give more prominence to maintaining prestige and status in the organisation, even if the change is for overall betterment of the organization. Fear of workload: Change in work technology and methods may lead to increasing workloads there by no proportional increase in salaries and benefits. This feeling creates resistance to change. Need for Training: Not all employees are interested in continuous learning and if the change necessitates relearning and continuous training, employees may resist to boredom to learn. Need for new social adjust: Any organisational change involves new social adjustment with various groups and sub groups.Some people refuse transfers and promotions, as they may need to need to break their current social comfort zone? Perceiving change as imposed from outside: Some employees may consider that change is enforced only for the development of organisation, not for their development. They perceive change as something imposed from outside on them. (Bernald M. Bass, From Transactional to Transformation Leadership, Training and Development, May 1991 Pages 93-95) Forces of Change: An organisation is affected by various forces to change. Internal forces: The forces inside the organisation which affect the change are as follows: Need to develop new products and new technologies in order to with stand in the ever changing competitive world. Focus on business diversification. Urge to implement bench marking standards in the organisation Business Process Re-engineering and Total Quality Management process implementation Cost Cutting strategies to with stand in recession times Company going for Public Issue External Forces :The forces outside the organisation which affect the change are as follows: Change in the employment and industrial laws of the country. Booming economy or recession situation. Business trends such as globalisation which helps to spread the commercial activity all over the world. Increasing competition makes companies concentrate more on customer satisfaction and customer excellence. Social, economic and political changes like terrorist attacks, political conflicts with other countries, UNO Regulations and World Bank policies. Demographic shifts like shrinking labour, droughts and drains, rising health care costs, rise in the number of foreign born workers force companies to concentrate more on matters of discrimination and civil rights. Part C: Approaches to Organisational Change Change Management Models: Management is said to be a change agent as its role is to initiate the change. It has to overcome the resistance in the organisation and make the change as a successful venture. Management must realise that resistance to change is basically a human problem and hence it must be tackled in a social and human manner. Several behavioural scientists and psychologies have studied group dynamics and organisation development and hence have proposed various theories and models to change management. They are described below. Levins Force Field Theory of Change(1936): Kurt Zadek Lewin (September 9, 1890 February 12, 1947) is a renowned psychologist and is recognized as the founder of social psychology. To his credit he was one of the first to study group dynamics and organizational development. Lewin proposed force field theory of change, which explains about various forces affecting the change and organizational equilibrium. Taken from www.change-management-coach.com An organisation at any time is a dynamic balance of forces supporting and restarting any practice. The forces supporting the practice are Driving Forces and the forces objecting the practice are restraining forces. When the forces are evenly balanced, the organisation is in a state of inertia and doesnt change. To stimulate an Organisational change managers must find ways to increase the Driving Forces and decrease the Restraining Forces. With these strategies an organisation overcomes inertia and implements change process. (John W. Newstrom and Keith Davis, Organisational Behaviour,8th revised Edition, Chapter 15, Page No.410,411) Change is introduced within a company by a variety of methods. The idea is to help change to be accepted and integrated into new practices: Adding new driving forces Removing restraining forces Increasing the strength of the supporting force Decreasing the strength of the restraining force Converting a restraining force into a supportive force A good example for this strategy is an urge for increased quality of products in an organisation is supported by forces like higher-quality work, increased company reputation and better customer satisfaction.Restrining forces being employees feeling irresponsible for the quality of product they produce. This can be overcome by implementing programs to increase employees pride, performance based hikes, providing better machines and training, quality of work life etc. Three Stages in Change: Behavioural awareness in managing change is aided by viewing change as a three step process: Unfreezing Changing Refreezing Stage 1: Unfreezing Unfreezing means that old ideas and practices need to be cast aside, so that new ideas can be learned. It basically means to have an open mind and flexibility to accept new changes. Its getting rid of old practices and accepting new challenges. Its basically breaking the current comfort zone and getting ready for change. So a manager must help employees clear their minds of old roles and old procedures. Only then they will be able to embrace new ideas. The Unfreezing stage is probably one of the more important stages to understand in the world of change we live in today. Stage 2: Change or Transition Changing is a step in which new ideas and practices are learnt.This process involves helping an employee think reason and perform in a variety of new ways. It can be a time of confusion, disorientation, overload and despair. Patience is very important in this point. There should be hope, discovery and excitement to overcome to overcome all chaos and enter a new mode of development. Stage 3: Refreezing Refreezing means that what has been learned is integrated into actual practice. The new practices become emotionally embraced and incorporated into the employees routine behaviour. Successful on -the-job practice, then must be the ultimate goal of the refreezing step. In this step emphasis is on stabilising the work process after rapid change transition. (Lewin K. Force Field Analysis and Diagram. Online. www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_ lewin_force_field_analysis.html.) Even though the world has changed ever since Kurt Lewin has published the model in 1947, it is still extremely relevant and the foundation of several other new models.(John W. Newstrom and Keith Davis, Organisational Behaviour, 8th revised Edition, Chapter 15, Page No.409) Kotters Eight Step Model (1995): John P Kotter (1995) has designed an extremely helpful model to understand and manage change. Each step in the model is characterised by key principle, in which people see, feel and then change. Kotler explained them as principles of response and approach to change. These are explained descriptively in his highly appreciated book Leading Change (1995). The eight step process is described as follows: Kotters Eight Step Change model is considered as one of the worlds best change management models. It has simplified the change process immensely and concluded that every successful change effort is messy and full of surprises. Managers have to view change process in a see-feel view where major problems in the process are highlighted and there by easily solved. Pendlebury, Grouard and Meston -Ten Keys Model(1998): These Scientists have presented Ten Key Factors which can be adapted to any particular change situation. All these keys may be needed to be implemented either simultaneously of separately based on the change process. The ten keys are as follows: Define the Vision Mobilise Catalyse Steer Deliver Obtain Participation Handle Emotions Handle Power Train and Coach Actively Communicate (K.Aswathappa, Organisational Behaviour, 8th revised Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.520) Nandler -12 Action Steps: Nandler, has developed a management frame work of twelve action steps which is helpful for Managers and Executives to apply at every level of hierarchy during the change process.This is immensely helpful for leading and managing change at every corner of the organisation. The twelve action steps are as follows: Get support of key power groups Get leaders to model change behaviour Use symbols and language Define areas of stability Surface dissatisfaction with the present conditions Promote participation in change Reward behaviours that supports change Disengage from the old Develop and clearly communicate image of the future Use multiple leverage points Develop transition management arrangements Create feedback Kanter, Stein and Jick Ten Commandments(1992): Kanter, Stein and Jick have done a wonderful research on organisation change and proposed Ten Commandments on how to plan a change process. Analyse the need for change Create a shared vision Separate from past Create a sense of urgency Support a strong leader role Line up political sponsorship Craft an implementation plan Develop enabling structures Communicate and involve people Reinforce and institutionalize change Ghoshal and Barletts Model(1997) : Ghoshal and Barlett argue for the importance of sequencing and implementation of activities in a change process. The interrelated change phases are: Rationalization : Streamlining company operations Revitalisation: Leveraging reqources and linking opportunities across the whole organisation Regeneration: Managing business unit operations and tensions, while at the same time collaborating elsewhere in the organisation to achieve performance. They claim that while change is often presented as difficult and messy, there is nothing mystical about the process of achieving change with effective strategies following the rationalization, revitalization and regeneration sequential process. (K.Aswathappa, Organisational Behaviour,8th revised Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.540) Dumpy and Stance Contingency Model of Change(1993): Dumpy and Doug Stance developed the best change contingency approach. They argue that the style of change and the scale of change have to be matched to the needs of the organisation. Scale of Change Style of Change Management Fine Tuning International Adjustments Modular Transformation Corporate Transformation Collaborative Consultative Lowers Performance (Avoiding Change) Developmental transitions (Constant Change) Charismatic Transformation (Inspirational Change) Directive Task Focussed Transistors (Constant Change) Turnarounds (Frame-Breaking Change) Coercive They identify five change approaches: Development Transitions: They refer to situations in which there is constant change as a result of the organisation adapting itself to external and environmental changes. The primary style of leadership is consultative, where the leader acts in the capacity of a coach aiming to gain voluntary, shared commitment from organisational members to the need for continual improvement. Task Focused Transitions: In this, the change management style is directive with the change leader acting as a captain seeking the compliance of organisational members to redefine how the organisation operates in specific areas. Directive leadership means that the overall change is driven from the top; this may translate into a more consultative approach by managers operating lower down in the organisation who are required to implement the changes. Charismatic Transformation: With this model, people accept that the organisation is out of step with its environment and that there is a need for radical, revolutionary change. Helping to create a new identity and a paradigm shift in the way in which the organisation conducts its operations, the charismatic leader is able to operate symbolically to gain emotional commitment of staff to new directions. Turnarounds : This is aimed at frame breaking changes. Turn around change leaders as commanders utilizing their positions of power to force required changes through the organisation. Taylorism: It is associated with the fine-tuning, paternalistic approaches to managing change. Dumphy and Stance their model indicates that medium to high performance organisations are likely to be using consultative and directive change management. (K.Aswathappa, Organisational Behaviour,8th revised Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.530) Huys Work on Change Management(2007) : Huy categorizes change into for ideal types: Commanding : Commanding change intervention is one where the time period is short term, abrupt and rapid. Change is usually implemented by Senior Managers who demand compliance from organisational members. Changes may well include downsizing, outsourcing and divestments. Engineering: This model is oriented toward a medium -term, relatively fast change perspective and often assisted by work design analysts who assists in changing work and operational systems. The change agent act as an catalyst in this process Teaching : This model takes a more gradual, long term organisational change perspective. Assisted by outside process consultants, staffs and taught how to probe their work practices and behaviours to reveal new ways of working. Socializing : This intervention is also gradual and long term. It sees change as developing through participative experimental learning based on self-monitored democratic organisational processes. Each ideal type has its limitations. The commanding approach may lead to resentment and rarely produces lasting behavioural change. The teaching approach is very individualistic and may not be aligned to corporate strategic objectives. The engineering approach may not encourage collaboration and spread of change across business units and socializing approach may lead to over focusing on individual work groups rather than on how they may operate as part of larger, corporate collective. (K.Aswathappa, Organisational Behaviour,8th revised Edition, Chapter 20, Page No.550) Part D Implementing Change: Implementation is the institutionalisation and internalisation of a change after it has been accepted by an organisation and a decision has been taken to accept and make it part of the on-going activity. Implementation is a multidimensional process whose end is stabilisation and institutionalisation of change. Support Training Resources Commitment Linkages Planning the implementation process: The objective of planning is to have an overall understanding of the nature of implementation. Planning process determines the entire process of implementation of change phasing. Phasing may be either temporal (in terms of time) or spatial (in terms of various units or the locations of the organisation) Processes: All processes involved in the implementation should be pre-determined. Various stages of the process include initiation, motivation, diagnosis, information, collection, deliberation, action proposal, implementation and stabilisation. Strategies: Management should formulate various strategies to implement processes. These strategies should focus on taking outsiders help, change agent, designing permanent organisational structures, unit/location of the organisation to be selected for initial process, openness with the environment etc.( P Subba Rao, Essentials of Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations, Chapter 12, page 358) Monitoring : It is the process of routine periodic measurement of programme inputs, activities and outputs undertaken during programme implementation. Monitoring is normally concerned with the procurement, delivery and utilisation of programme resources, adherence to work schedules to progress made in the production of outputs Implementation team : A broad based task group of implementation should be set up to look after the implementation of change programme and monitor it continoulsy.HRD department of the organisation may be asked to take up this responsibility.es and Minimum control: As monitoring is a delicate issue, control should be minimum in order to make the monitoring effective. Control attempts to develop new norms of creativity, diversity and experimentation. Feedback and communication: Implementation requires reviewing various processes and provides feedback. It involves getting data information and experiences and providing feedback to the people on how they are implementing compared to the design and plans. Action : Action covers all the minute details of what is implemented at different stages. This process involves various phases and steps for people and various group tasks in relation to change programme. Adaptation : Adaptation is the combination of two main criteria of effectiveness and implementation. It may be general or specific or both. Support : Various types of support from all concerned will be required for the implementation of change. The HRD department, Operations and management committee are some of main agencies which render major support. Institutionalisation: Institutionalisation is making change permanent part of the organisation and internalisation is stabilisation of change. (P Subba Rao, Essentials of Human Resources Management and Industrial Relations, Chapter 12, page 340) Part E: Evaluating Organisational Change The Balanced Score Card Approach: Since centuries Top Management has been depending only on financial measures to evaluate the performance after the organisation change. But this approach was not enough to provide information about overall effectiveness of the organisation.in 1992 Robert Kaplan and David Norton have published Balanced Scorecard in Harvard business review as a management tool for organisational development. Managers can get a comprehensive picture of the financial and operational measures using this framework. HR Consultants and OD strategists all over the world opine that Balanced Score Card is the best tool to enforce organizational change management and organizational development in todays technology driven world. They emphasize the principle that Businesses must develop in a multidimensional way viz., providing best value to its stake holders, achieving ultimate customer satisfaction, implementing bench marked business standards and developing a learning culture in the organisation. The scorecard facilitates managers to view critical performance factors and understand their interrelationships evaluating current performance and targeting performance to be achieved. Emphasis is on the organizational vision and long-term success. (Robert Kaplan and David P. Norton, The Balanced ScorecardMeasures that Drive Performance, Harvard Business Review, January and February, 1992.)   Performance levers in a Balanced Score Card : The Balance Score Card acts as a catalyst for driving organisational change within the organisation. It is dependent on four perspectives which are considered as performance levers for any organisation. The four perspectives of a Balance Score Card are as follows: 1. Financial Perspective How do we perform according to our shareholders? 2. Customer Perspective How do our customers see us? 3. Internal Organisation Perspective What should we excel in? 4. Innovation and Learning Perspective Can we keep on improving and adding value? Hence, the rationale of Balance Score Card is to give uniform importance to non-financial factors of business performance and balancing them with the financial factor. Therefore it is termed as a complete comprehensive framework which tries to bring a balance and linkage between the (a) Financial and the Non-Financial indicators, (b) Tangible and the Intangible measures, (c) Internal and the External aspects and (d) Leading and the Lagging indicators. (Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy, California Management Review, Vol. 39, No.21, 22 1996.) All the four perspectives of a Balance Score Card are explained briefly as follows: The Innovation and Learning Perspective This perspective emphasizes on developing a learning culture in the organisation.The key goals in this perspective are Employee training and self-improvement Grooming and communication Increasing quality of work life Developing skill and knowledge management The Internal Organization Perspective This perspective emphasizes on developing internal business processes in the organization. The key goals in this perspective are Value creating internal operations Innovative supply chain management Total Quality Management. Team building The Customer Perspective This perspective emphasizes on achieving customer delight. The key goals in this perspective are Reducing customer response time Timely updated information Taking regular customer feedback Achieving best vendor award from customer The Financial Perspective This perspective emphasizes on developing financial systems in the organization. The key goals in this perspective are Centralized and automated financial information system Developing financial corporate database Providing more value to stake holders Risk assessment and cost-benefit analysis. Increased working capital and current assets. (Robert S. Kaplan and David P. Norton, Linking the Balanced Scorecard to Strategy, California Management Review, Vol. 39, No.21,22 1996.) Based on the above discussion, organsiations must develop scorecards fitting their current and future needs. Transformational leadership and strong commitment are required to initiate a change process, using Balance Score Card. Some of the worlds best Balance Score Card practises are as follows: GEs HR Score Card design and implementation HR Score card of Washington state HR Score Card of U.S. Department of Transportation Balance Score of Texas State Auditors Office (McKenzie Shilling, Avoiding Performance Measurement Traps: Ensuring Effective, Incentive Design and Implementation, American Management Association, July/Aug., 1998.)   All metrics to organisational performance

Ryanairs Marketing Environment and Strategy Essays -- Business Manage

Ryanair’s Marketing Environment and Strategy 1 INTRODUTION The aim of this report is to carry out a investigation of Ryanair’s external environment and a strategic analysis of Ryanair, to identify opportunities and threats it might face, and its strategic capability, to isolate key strengths and any weaknesses that need dealing with. Finally, a SWOT analysis will be carried out to assess the extent to which Ryanair’s strategies are suitable to what is happening in its task environment. Ryanair is Europe’s largest low-fares, no-frills short-haul carrier. The organisation was founded in 1985 as a conventional airline but re-launched itself in 1990/1991 as a low-cost carrier, replicating American Southwest Airlines’ business model. Since then Ryanair has grown substantially and successfully. The company currently has 146 routes to 84 destinations in 16 countries, and carries more than 15 million customers annually. Ryanair aims to be Europe’s largest airline in 8 years (www.ryanair.com). 2 ANALYSIS OF THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT -------------------------------------- This is a crucial part of a strategic analysis because organisations do not exist in a vacuum, they are part of a complex world and many factors can influence operations, beneficially and unfavourably. However, these can be difficult to comprehend due to their complexity, diversity and fast changing nature. Necessarily a number of techniques have been developed to facilitate the process and to ‘†¦contribute to answering the key managerial question†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢of what ‘†¦opportunities and threats might arise in the future’ (Johnson & Scholes 2002). 2.1 PESTEL analysis This identifies the main micro-environmental influences by classifying them into six groups: Political, Economical, Socio-cultural, Technological, Environmental and Legal. By applying this framework to Ryanair it is possible to summarise the key forces in the general environment to present opportunities and threats to the organisation. Political = on May 1, 2003, it will mark one of the most important days in recent European history, the continent will see the biggest expansion of EU to date when ten states become new members. For Ryanair new markets will open which suits its growth plans. = Stansted airport, owned by BAA, is one of the most rapidly growing airports in Europe (www.baa.co.uk/... ...) ‘Low-cost airlines likely to resist higher fees to finance Stanstead’, The Financial Times Done, K. (19/12/03) ‘Stanstead outlines pounds 2bn scheme to double capacity’, The Financial Times Done, K. (20/12/03) ‘Challenge to airports operator’s monopoly remains even with its friends in high places’, The Financial Times Done, K. (29/01/04) ‘Ryanair’s dream run comes to an end’, The Financial Times Felsted, A. (04/11/03) ‘Can Michael O’Leary sustain Ryanair’s low-cost success?’, The Financial Times Gow, D. (16/02/04)’Ryanair plans zero frills and fares’, The Guardian Hotten, R. (13/03/04) ‘No-frills deal has impact on bmi’, The Times Insley, J. (18/01/04) ‘Happy New Year for second homes’, The Observer Insley, J. (08/02/04) ‘You can make it if you try’, The Observer Newman, C. (03/12/03) ‘Travellers face big rise in air passenger levy’, The Financial Times Pratley, N. (05/02/04) ‘Clipped Wings’, The Guardian Tait, N. (03/12/03) ‘Ryanair in court over wheelchair fee’, The Financial Times Tran, M. (03/02/04) ‘Ryanair’s airport subsidies’, The Guardian Wright, R. (01/12/03) ‘BA threat to sue if Stanstead gets runway’, The Financial Times

Progress And Movement In America Essay -- essays research papers

Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary defines progress as â€Å"to develop to a higher, better, or more advanced stage.† In today’s society, there are many views on the educational and economic progress of African Americans. They have encountered many stages during the civil rights movement such as Jim Crow Laws; and are now entrepreneurs; middle-class Americans, and some attend college. Despite this, presently, African American achievement has not been as significant since. The question at hand is that in modern times, is it â€Å"progress or just purely movement†? (Morrison) The Civil Rights Movement was a political, legal, and social struggle to gain full citizenship rights for black Americans and to achieve racial equality. The civil rights movement was first and foremost a challenge to segregation, the system of laws and customs separating blacks and whites that whites used to control blacks after slavery was abolished in the 1860s. During the civil rights movement, individuals and civil rights organizations challenged segregation and discrimination with a variety of activities, including protest marches, boycotts, and refusal to abide by segregation laws. Many believe that the movement began with the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and ended with the Voting Rights Act of 1965, though there is debate about when it began and whether it has ended yet. The civil rights movement has also been called the Black Freedom Movement, the Negro Revolution, and the Second Reconstruction. (Encarta) ...

Planning a system to handle school records Essay

Real user: The examination department of CAMS School has to maintain the student progress record. Part of the education process requires the examination department need to assess the students at regular intervals throughout the school year and keep a record of achievement for each student at the end of the year. The examination record should build up over the duration of the course to allow the staff, students and parents to see how the students’ are progressing. The examination officer Mr.Ahmed has asked if I can help them with a particular project to satisfy their need. The examination department and the examination officer Mr.Ahmed will be my end user. The problem and how I discover it: My friend Asad study in CAMS school. In May 2008 he gave his year 10 exams and left for his holiday without taking his result. On his return when he went to collect his result with me he found lots of mistake in the report card. The term marks of history and literature were written incorrect. He marked absent in mathematics. We informed the examination department about this blunder and asked them to rechecked and correct it. After two weeks the examination department could not done anything about the history and literature result as they had lost the record while they marked present him on mathematics paper. My friend was very upset with his result. Why Has This Problem Arisen? Cams school is keeping and making their school results manually, the manual files are prepared for each class and course and class teacher prepare result in register, from where they were shifted to big result sheet and then to report cards. there is no system in place at present to record assessment results efficiently and allow the staff to monitor the students’ progress throughout the year. Resultantly, the staff must find the time to meet these needs and are finding it difficult and time consuming to record and collate the assessment marks using a manual system. Some evidences of problem: * Every year many student complain as they were not satisfied with the result, as they complain that they had got different marks in monthly test and in term but in report card the marks appeared are different. So the recheck of the whole term marks are extremely difficult and time consuming. * Many errors like calculation in cumulative marks or wrong percentage were found in the report card which affected in not only on grades but also in their ranks. * Many test marks were either entered wrong or forget to enter. * In case of any urgent placement of faculty member, the term result could not collect from the teacher. * The teacher had lost the term result and there was no backup of it. * Some times student does not appear in the final term due to any medical grounds or any other uncertainty and they need to be promote on their past performance basis, in such situation , to find their past result of each subject is time consuming and problem as it is not visible in one page and the examiner and the teacher has to search User requirement: Mr. Ahmed wants me to develop a system which can perform following functions. * Develop a system for recording and storing all the assessments undertaken by students. * Record end of unit assessment marks for all the theory and practical units. * Record all the marks for the projects completed within the course. * Keep details of the student’s name, and year badge. * Total up the marks for the different subjects, calculate averages for each student and the group and allocate grades against level of performance. * Develop a system to identify high achieving students and those with areas of concern. * Show results of group performance in graphical format. * Be able to alter the system to record and process all the results. * The system must be user friendly. * The system should not involve any additional hardware or software costs. Having considered all the above, I have come up with my own List of Objectives that I must achieve in order to develop a robust solution to this problem. I will use these throughout my project to check that I have satisfied the requirements of the user. Objectives: > General objective: * The system must adhere to the working of old system whilst computerizing as much as possible. * The system should be automatic as possible, reducing the need of user intervention where possible. * The system should be secure. Unauthorized personnel must not be able to gain access to the details stored on the system. * The system must be stable and reliable; it must not breakdown or crash which may result in lost data. * Create a template that can be reused for each new year group * Produce graphs to show results graphically * Hard copy of reports should be formatted to be printed out on one page * Use color to identify certain groups of student > Qualitative objective: * The system should store detail of all student result and their marks. * The result should be easily identified, thus allowing the user to show the result of individual student. * Record of individual student can be maintained. * By making folder of each year each class result would be easily identified. * The system should automatically calculate the cumulative marks, percentage and graph of individual student in every subject, * The system should allow user to gain accurate result in calculation. * The user should able to enter all the data and easily view it. * Every part of the system must be accessible to the user with minimum fuss. > Quantitative objective: * The system should able to store the data of ten course and 15 children per class. * The data must be record and available to view with in 10 second. * Past result must be identified within 30 second. * Cumulative marks, percentage and graphs must be prepared within 30 second. * The user must be using the system within one week of receiving it without further help. Different solution of the problem: CAMS are already working with manual solution so it is useless to create any manual solution. My initial thoughts are that a solution could be developed using a Spreadsheet or Database package or maybe a Word Processing package. The following table identifies each of these applications, considering the function software can perform.